“(Re)Making Cirrus: Five Years Building a Data Orchestration Framework”
Jarrett Keifer;
Talk
A retrospective on building cirrus, a cloud-native framework for building STAC-based data orchestration pipelines. We'll look at the design and architecture evolution over five years of development and some lessons learned adapting to ecosystem and requirement changes.
“Astral: A spatial extension for the decentralized web”
Taylor M. Oshan, John R Hoopes;
Talk
Astral is an open-source framework for working with geospatial data in decentralized systems. It extends the FOSS4G ecosystem with support for location information on smart contract and p2p data systems, including a modular schema, example recipes, and development tools.
“Atlas: Postgres meets GeoAI at scale”
Tom "Hutch" Ingold;
Talk
A deep technical dive into building a global, spatially aware embeddings database with 100% open source components.
“Bringing it all together: Zarr, Dask, Knowledge Graphs, and LLMs”
Adeel Hassan;
Talk
We describe our open source work that makes NOAA climate datasets discoverable and queryable via a chat interface, building on top of the incredible open source cloud-native geospatial ecosystem to bring science data closer to users than ever before.
“Build a GraphRAG To Bring Geospatial Awareness to LLM Agents”
Nathan McEachen;
Pre-Conference Workshop
Graph-based retrieval-augmented generation (GraphRAG) can capture the semantics of geoinformatics data, which can be leveraged by LLMs. We will demonstrate how to build a GraphRAG and how to write prompts so that an LLM Agent can utilize it.
“Building digital urban models for MapStore and Cesium”
Tobia Di Pisa, Stefano Bovio;
Talk
The presentation outlines processes and open-source tools used to create and utilize digital models for urban environments, focusing on 3D data visualizations and use cases implemented for the MapStore WebGIS framework through the CesiumJS mapping library.
“Building Open Source Teams”
Bruce Momjian;
Talk
This presentation highlights the challenges of motivating and managing an open source team of volunteers. Topics include motivation, communication, and project management. This talk is useful for anyone active in open source.
“Building the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure: Standards, Software, and Community”
Andrew Turner;
Talk
Discover how modern spatial data infrastructure leverages open standards and collaboration between open-source and proprietary platforms. Learn practical approaches to building connected geospatial ecosystems using OGC standards, mixed technology stacks, and community-driven solutions.
“Cartography for Professional Quality Maps in QGIS”
Michele Tobias;
Pre-Conference Workshop
Learn design principles to make maps that communicate well. This workshop is divided into two sections. The first covers concepts and approaches to designing maps. The second will provide hands-on experience making a map in QGIS.
“Cataloging USACE Models in the Cloud: A STAC Experiment”
Seth Lawler, Abdul Raheem Siddiqui;
Talk
This talk explores using the SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog (STAC) to manage US Army Corps of Engineers flood models in the cloud. It addresses data management challenges, interoperability, and operationalizing STAC, highlighting tradeoffs, successes, and future directions for geospatial workflows.
“Cloud Optimized Shapefiles”
Calvin Metcalf;
Talk
They said we couldn't do it, they said we shouldn't do it, but Cloud Optimized Shapefiles are real. What do you need to know about this exciting and dynamic new* geospatial format.
*Actually very old.
“Cloud-Native Geospatial in QGIS”
Martin Dobias;
Talk
The geospatial community has started to adopt new formats and protocols for more efficient and flexible access to data. QGIS is following suit - let's explore the current state of support for STAC, COG, COPC, Zarr and GeoParquet within QGIS.
“Cloud-Native Geospatial Metadata with stac-geoparquet”
Pete Gadomski;
Talk
Cloud-Native Geospatial isn't just for data, it's for metadata too! stac-geoparquet is an open, community specification for the SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog (STAC) spec that can be used for storage and analytics.
“Dengue Geospatial Prediction Tools for Epidemic Response and Resource Allocation”
Garrett Tate;
Talk
Dengue fever is rapidly spreading, with 6.5 million cases globally in 2023. We present a predictive dengue tool for emergency managers leveraging open-source geospatial machine learning and analytics, alerting to imminent epidemics and recommending resources for effective response.
“Development of Online Mars Viewshed Analysis Tool”
Jae Sung Kim;
Talk
Viewshed delineation is a crucial planning activity in Mars exploration. In this project, web-based Mars viewshed analysis tool was developed using open geospatial technologies integrated with Django. The tool will support automatic data preparation in high-performance server environment.
“DuckDB + Rasters: Hexagons For Blazing Fast Analytics”
Isaac Brodsky, Sina Kashuk;
Talk
While DuckDB has no direct support for raster data, we have had success using H3 to query and aggregate raster data. Learn about our experiences conducting fast raster analytics using DuckDB and H3.
“DUSTCAST: AN ENSEMBLE ML MODEL FOR ARABIAN PENINSULA DUST CONCENTRATIONS”
Christopher Ramos;
Talk
DustCast is a heterogeneous ensemble model forecasting monthly dust concentrations across the Arabian Peninsula using open-source ERA5, MERRA-2, and IOD data. Combining MLR, KNN, DT, and RF weighted by RMSE, it achieves accuracy and captures seasonal dust patterns.
“Dynamic Aggregations With pg_tileserv”
Brad Andrick;
Talk
Learn how PostgreSQL, PostGIS, and pg_tileserv can power dynamic, filterable geospatial visualizations at scale. This talk will demonstrate how function layers can be used to generate interactive aggregations, supporting on-the-fly visualization to enhance data exploration.
“Enterprise-Grade Open Source: Operational Insights from CoreSpatial Deployments”
Jason Newmoyer;
Talk
Insights from deploying CoreSpatial - a modular, open-source geospatial platform - in federal and DoD environments, focusing on architecture, security, and operational best practices.
“eoAPI: open-source cloud-native geospatial data cataloging and distribution”
Alex Mandel;
Pre-Conference Workshop
Learn to use eoAPI (https://eoapi.dev/) for making massive earth observation discoverable and interoperable data archives — configure, customize, and deploy a full Earth Observation catalog, discovery, and visualization service, built with open source components around STAC specifications.
“Estimating trail bridge impacts on rural populations with Python”
Adele Birkenes;
Talk
Rural infrastructure access impacts 80% of people in extreme poverty. Bridges to Prosperity addresses transport barriers by developing an open geospatial methodology that combines field assessments with multiple population datasets to accurately estimate infrastructure impact and prioritize evidence-based investments.
“Exploring Cloud-Native Geospatial Formats: Hands-on with Raster Data”
Jarrett Keifer;
Pre-Conference Workshop
Dig into cloud-native raster formats—COGs, Zarr, and Kerchunk—and learn how data access works under the hood with hands-on Python exercises, no image libraries required!
“Exploring Multimodal LLMs for Remote Sensing with LibreGeoLens”
Pedro Uria;
Pre-Conference Workshop
LibreGeoLens is an open-source QGIS plugin for experimenting with Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to analyze remote sensing imagery.
Developed and released by Ampsight, LibreGeoLens aims to accelerate GeoAI development and evaluation, while giving back to the community.
“From Esri to Open Source: A Practical, Hybrid Approach”
Malcolm Meyer;
Talk
A small town in Ohio has quietly run a FOSS geospatial solution for the past 6 years. Learn about the how and why, the evolution to the cloud, and some of the pitfalls faced throughout this process.
“From proprietary to open: smarter disaster forecasting with geospatial tools.”
Aaron Kelley;
Talk
Discover how emergency agencies can move from proprietary platforms like ESRI to open-source tools to build smarter, leaner disaster forecasts—grounded in real-world data, tailored to operations, and designed for impact. Practical, scalable, and ready for action.
“GDAL's new command line interface - and other updates”
Dan Baston;
Talk
An update of recent work in GDAL, particularly the new command-line interface.
“Geoconnex: Anchoring AI in Reality with the Internet of Water”
Benjamin Webb, Colton Loftus;
Talk
Geconnex.us supports the creation of an open, community-contributed knowledge graph linking hydrologic features in the US to streamline water data sharing. The knowledge graph can answer innumerable water-related questions with an authority not yet standard in LLMs.
“GeoNode: Use Cases & Custom Applications”
Giovanni Allegri;
Talk
A gallery of projects and use cases will showcase the versatility of GeoNode, both as a standalone application and as a service component, for building geodata catalogs and web mapping services and applcations.
“Geophysics in the Cloud”
Sophia Parafina;
Talk
EarthScope is moving its seismic and geodetic data archive to the cloud and deploying GeoLab as an analytic environment. This talk documents the process and architecture to provide free global access to data and compute to understand Earth processes.
“GeoServer 3: motivation and and progress report”
Andrea Aime, Simone Giannecchini;
Talk
This talk shares progress on GeoServer 3. It covers motivations, technical upgrades like Jakarta EE, Spring 6, ImageN and Wicket 10, and a progress update. GeoServer 3 ensures the platform remains robust, secure, and future-ready for geospatial needs.
“Geospatial Mission Operations with the Multi-Mission Geographic Information System”
Dr. Fred J. Calef III, Paul Ramirez;
Talk
The Multi-Mission Geographic Information System (MMGIS) is a web-based geospatial application for science mission operations. We deploy the software for Mars surface, potential lunar, and Earth based missions including real-time operations onboard aircraft using open geospatial formats.
“Geospatial Technology Radar: A Report Against a Turbulent 2025 Backdrop”
Lauren Frederick;
Talk
As we enter the third year of producing our Geospatial Technology Radar, our 2025 radar demonstrates the proliferation of AI into the geospatial community, and integrates community contributions with our own internal experiences working in the space.
“Giswater 4. State of the art”
XAVIER TORRET;
Talk
Giswater is an open-source QGIS plugin (web and desktop) that connects with PostgreSQL to manage water supply sewerage and drainage systems, integrating hydraulic models EPANET and SWMM to enable inventory and asset management wit hydraulic simulations on QGIS.
“GRASS Addon Development with Python”
Corey White;
Pre-Conference Workshop
Learn to develop GRASS addons with Python! Together, we will develop a parallelized custom addon with Python, command line, and graphical user interfaces.
“Growing GRASS”
Corey White;
Talk
Join us for an engaging overview of GRASS, highlighting recent progress in governance, community growth, new branding, technical advancements in GRASS 8.5, streamlined integration, upcoming features, sustainability initiatives, and opportunities to contribute to the project's dynamic future.
“Handling 3D Data in QGIS”
Martin Dobias;
Talk
Discover the current landscape of 3D data support in QGIS. This talk will present key features for working with 3D map views, terrain data, 3D Tiles, point clouds, vectors and much more.
“Introducing geospatial support in Apache Iceberg”
Matthew Powers;
Talk
Apache Iceberg geometry/geography adds native geospatial support, enabling advanced spatial data management with features like transactions and time travel. A demo will illustrate how Iceberg geo support helps spatial data manipulation using Sedona and Spark.
“Introduction to GeoNode, the open source geosptial CMS”
Giovanni Allegri;
Pre-Conference Workshop
GeoNode is an open source web platform for the development of interoperable spatial data infrastructures.
“Introduction to pgRouting”
Regina Obe;
Talk
pgRouting is a network routing PostgreSQL extension that complements PostGIS. Learn how to use pgRouting to plan trips, locations to put stores, as well as non-spatial challenges.
“Introduction to PostGIS”
Paul Ramsey, Leo Hsu;
Pre-Conference Workshop
Spatial SQL is a power tool for GIS analysis, learn the basics using PostGIS.
“Is Zarr the new COG?”
Jarrett Keifer, Julia Signell;
Talk
Zarr is gaining traction in geospatial workflows—but is it replacing COG, complementing it, or something else entirely? We’ll unpack the formats’ shared foundations, explore their tradeoffs, and offer a path toward better community guidance, tooling, and support.
“Making online maps accessible: an open source approach”
Tom Allnutt, Dan Rademacher;
Talk
California State Parks uses spatial data to direct $1+ billion in grants. We built multiple open source mapping and reporting tools to facilitate this process. Recently, we redesigned these tools to meet accessibility standards and improved the experience for everyone.
“MapLibre projects, in one status update”
Yuri Astrakhan;
Talk
Presenting everything MapLibre community has been working on, including tile serving, fonts and sprite handling, to visualizations for both web and native, to new types of tools and format standards.
“Mapping Democracy: Visualizing the Voice of a Million Americans”
Stephen Smith;
Talk
TrueViews is an open-source mapping platform that visualizes public opinion across US ZIP codes. Leveraging PMTiles, MapLibre GL JS, and a streamlined Python/Bash pipeline, the platform delivers accessible, high-performance interactive visualizations of over one million survey responses.
“Mergin Maps Admin Essentials”
Peter Petrik, Martin Dobias;
Pre-Conference Workshop
Empower your QGIS skills in our Mergin Maps workshop. Master collaborative field surveys: project setup, synchronization, effective team management (sharing, roles, conflicts), and best practices. Features hands-on data collection and QGIS post-processing with peers.
“Mergin Maps and QGIS for Field Surveys”
Peter Petrik;
Talk
Mergin Maps, an open-source QGIS-based platform, revolutionizes field data collection. Capture photos and attributes offline with large teams. Explore latest time-saving features and state of the software, showcasing this collaborative geospatial data capture tool used worldwide.
“Microsoft’s Planetary Computer: Building a Planetary-Scale Data Platform”
Taylor Corbett;
Talk
Discover how Microsoft’s Planetary Computer evolved into a petabyte-scale platform for open environmental data. Learn how you can access over 140 open datasets using community-driven standards to power your own applications.
“Natural Language GeoServer Queries Using OpenAI and WPS”
Joseph Miller;
Talk
Explore a GeoServer community module that integrates OpenAI’s API with WPS to transform plain language queries into ECQL filters. This talk showcases how AI and GeoServer’s catalog can enable intuitive, flexible, and human-friendly access to spatial data.
“OGC APIs, an introduction with GeoServer”
Andrea Aime, Simone Giannecchini;
Pre-Conference Workshop
This workshop introduces OGC APIs, their story, objectives and structure, with practical examples from the GeoServer. Join this workshop to get an update on the APIs, to learn the current implementation progress as well as some GeoServer unique features.
“Open Kentucky Imagery and Elevation Data”
Ian Horn;
Talk
The Kentucky From Above Program (KyFromAbove) has fully adopted into the AWS Open Data Registry inititiave by converting its data to cloud-friendly formats such as COGs and COPCs.
“Open Standards and FOSS4G for Interoperably Integrating Geospatial Sensors”
Christopher Tucker;
Talk
The Open Geospatial Consortium’s new OGC API - Connected Systems Standard enables the interoperable integration of sensing systems of all kinds, FOSS4G implementations of this new standard will be the focus of this talk.
“Opening Up Urban Form and Development Trends”
Margo Atkinson;
Talk
The Center for Geospatial Solutions rewrote their formerly proprietary-based tool that identifies informal settlements and predicts where future building may occur. Using open source packages in Python, they decreased run time and increased usability across user skill levels.
“OpenStreetMap 101”
Alyssa Castronuovo, Jake Low;
Pre-Conference Workshop
This hands-on session will introduce you to OpenStreetMap, the world’s largest crowdsourced geospatial database. Learn how to edit the map and use popular tools in the OSM ecosystem like MapRoulette, the OSM US Tasking Manager, and OSMCha.
“Optimizing Complex Webmaps using Vector Tiles, Cacheing, and PostGIS”
Annie Cartas;
Talk
Our leaflet.js based webmap had been providing users with a dependable, but frustratingly slow, process to create spatial queries. We share our experience transitioning to Vector Tiles and other FOSS libraries, which have greatly sped up our application.
“OSM US Trails Stewardship Initiative: Open Data Meets Responsible Recreation”
Maggie Cawley, Jake Low;
Talk
OSM US launched the Trails Stewardship Initiative out of the urgency to improve the safety and protection of public land. This talk will share how we are building the relationships, technical requirements, and mapping workflows to support national data efforts.
“Piggybacking on QGIS Processing Framework to Build Scientific Software Tools”
Abdul Raheem Siddiqui;
Talk
This talk will explore the QGIS Processing Framework and how it empowers scientists to build robust geospatial scientific software. Two QGIS plugins, ‘QNSPECT’ and ‘Curve Number Generator’, will be discussed demonstrating how to turn GIS workflows into published software.
“PostGIS performance hacks”
Regina Obe;
Talk
Will discuss some tricks for getting better performance out of your spatial postgis queries
- postgis - the core extension
- postgis_raster
- postgis_topology
- postgis_sfcgal
- postgis_tiger_geocoder
“PostGIS What's New”
Paul Ramsey;
Talk
Quick review of new features and improvements in the PostGIS spatial database and surrounding libraries.
“Precision in Language and the Future of “Little Data” Analytics”
Joel Schlagel;
Talk
This talk highlights the essential roles of data architecture, linked data, ontologies, and metadata in geospatial analysis. We show how applying FAIR principles - making data findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable - can improve quality, enhance understanding, and enable AI-driven analysis.
“Publishing Maritime AIS Big Data via GeoServer, Databricks, and Azure”
Nuno Oliveira, Simone Giannecchini;
Talk
This presentation explains how GeoServer integrates with technologies like Kafka, Databricks and Azure to publish Maritime AIS data. It covers the system architecture, main challenges and extensions supporting secure, scalable, real-time geospatial big data services using OGC standards.
“QGIS Model Designer”
Randal Hale;
Pre-Conference Workshop
This 3 hour class will cover building Processing Models using the Model Designer. Students will build custom tools to make repeatable tasks easier. Students will build models during class and will modify those models to make them more functional.
“QGIS Processing Nodes Project Update”
Ethan Snyder;
Talk
The status and road map for the QGIS Processing Nodes project and plugin for better geoprocessing in QGIS.
“Remote Sensing for Plants that are Hard to See”
Michele Tobias;
Talk
California’s beach plants are visually similar to the sand they grow on. I will classify plant pixels using aerial imagery and elevation data using R’s spatial packages.
“Revolutionizing Elections with GIS”
John Ross;
Talk
KNOWiNK continues to lead the way in elections technology by coupling advanced GIS with voter data, enabling unprecedented accuracy in precinct assignment, ballot management, and elections operations. Discover how modern geospatial tools are transforming the future of elections management.
“Scalable Architecture for Distributed Spatiotemporal Analytics”
Prashant Swarnapuri;
Talk
This proposal introduces a scalable architecture for processing and analyzing high-volume GPS, ADS-B, and AIS data streams to enable low-latency, large-scale spatiotemporal analytics, built on a hybrid stack comprising PostgreSQL with PostGIS, Spark, Cassandra, and Iceberg.
“SDI for water management at AyA in Costa Rica”
XAVIER TORRET, Sergio Baños Calvo;
Talk
Implementation of an Open Source Enterprise Spatial Data Infraestructure (SDI) at AyA in Costa Rica for water management, integrating data, centralizing databases, and deploying user-friendly tools to enhance decision-making, collaboration, and sustainability while reducing costs and improving efficiency.
“Securing Open Geospatial Systems in a High-Risk World”
Ashley Fairman;
Talk
Explore how open geospatial tools—vital to national infrastructure and global operations—can be fortified against cyber threats and supply chain risks in an era where resilience is non-negotiable.
“Simplifying the Retrieval of Geospatial Open Data”
Ted Banken;
Talk
Open geospatial data can be hard to access for users without the technical knowledge of geoparquet, S3 and REST APIs. However, using QGIS plugins and Python or R packages can make the process simpler.
“Simulated Experts, Real Insight: A MetaPanel on GeoAI”
Rich Fecher;
Talk
A panel of AI-generated experts explores the current state and future of GeoAI. Through diverse synthetic voices, this session offers a fun, thought-provoking look at open source tools, ethics, and innovation in geospatial artificial intelligence.
“Smart Water Utilities: Chat with Your Water Utility Database”
Bernie Drahola;
Talk
Learn how to build a conversational assistant for water utilities using Langchain and MS SQL Server, PostGIS, or other database. Ask natural language questions like “Which pipes need replacement?” and get instant, map-based answers.
“Space2Stats - exploring meso-scale geospatial data”
Benjamin Stewart;
Talk
The World Bank has developed a global database of geospatial aggregates at both a consistent, global hexagon level, and at official admin2 boundaries. Learn abou the justification, process, and use cases for this database.
“Spatial SQL Birds of a Feather”
Regina Obe;
Birds of a Feather
This is a birds of a feather for all those who love to mix Spatial with SQL. Spatial SQL is supported in a number of databases and products. Learn tricks for using Spatial SQL in your work.
“STAC Best Practices”
Matthew Hanson;
Talk
This STAC 101 session covers the basics of STAC for users and data providers, explaining its core principles, metadata framework, and ecosystem. It includes lessons learned, practical tips, and guidance on using extensions and integrating STAC into geospatial workflows.
“STAC Beyond Rasters”
Julia Signell;
Talk
STAC is not just for satellite imagery. STAC is a specification for defining and searching any type of data with spatial and temporal dimensions. This talk recommends best practices for cataloging geospatial data even if it is not a raster.
“State of GeoServer”
Andrea Aime, Simone Giannecchini;
Talk
GeoServer enables publishing and processing geospatial data via open standards. This talk highlights new features, community updates, and recent developments, making it valuable for users, developers, and those curious about this widely adopted open-source OSGeo project.
“State of MapStore”
Tobia Di Pisa, Stefano Bovio;
Talk
MapStore is an open-source platform for creating, saving, and sharing maps, dashboards, charts, and geostories directly in your browser. It supports OpenLayers, Leaflet, Cesium, and potentially other mapping engines with cross-browser and mobile compatibility.
“State of STAPI: A community tasking standard”
Matthew Hanson, Jarrett Keifer;
Talk
Explore STAPI, a specification for a Sensor Tasking API. We’ll highlight recent developments, showcase the open-source projects being developed in the ecosystem, and share the community's vision of increased interoperability driving the next generation of geospatial workflows.
“Taking a proprietary process and move it to FOSS4G”
Randal Hale;
Talk
In 2018, NRGS moved a 911 project for a small county and moved it to QGIS/PostGIS. Since then the project has gained a github repository, a wiki, and more tools.
“The Maze of Postgres Options”
Bruce Momjian;
Talk
This presentation explains the many more options available when using Postgres compared to proprietary databases. It covers options for support, extensions, deployment utilities, and monitoring.
“The Power of Community and Collaboration in Open-Source Innovation”
Timothy Steward;
Talk
In the ever-evolving landscape of technology, the heart of innovation often beats within the open-source communities. This presentation dives into the vital role that communal efforts play in the development, sustainability, and advancement of open-source projects.
“Tile serving with MapLibre/Martin/Planetiler - base and overlays”
Yuri Astrakhan;
Pre-Conference Workshop
Create a tile server with the base map and some custom data. Build a web site with both the base map and custom data using MapLibre GL+Martin+PG+Planetiler+osm2pgsql+...
“Unifying Access to Western Water Data Through OGC API - EDR”
Benjamin Webb, Colton Loftus;
Talk
The Western Water Data Hub is an implementation of the OGC API suite of standards, enabling access to water data from various sources through a unified interface. It allows for data interoperability, accessibility, and discoverability across multiple water data platforms.
“Urban Digital Models with MapStore and Cesium”
Tobia Di Pisa, Stefano Bovio;
Pre-Conference Workshop
Explore open-source tools to build and consume digital models for urban environments. Participants will gain exclusive insights into the development of digital models in 3D Tiles format to consume them within MapStore and Cesium.
“Vector tiles and GeoServer: dynamic tiles server and base maps”
Simone Giannecchini;
Talk
This talk explores GeoServer’s advanced capabilities in serving Mapbox vector tiles, emphasizing styling (SLD, CSS), efficient tile configuration (labeling, attribute selection, geometry coalescing), and generating high-quality multi-projection base maps using OpenMapTiles styles and Planetiler.
“Vector tiles with GeoServer”
Andrea Aime;
Pre-Conference Workshop
Learn how to build and serve vector tiles with GeoServer, and how GeoServer can be well suited to pure vector tiles, hybrid cases serving both raster and vector, as well as dynamic, non cacheable data.
“VirtualiZarr: cloud-optimized access to archival-format datacubes without duplication”
Julia Signell, Chuck Daniels;
Talk
Virtual Zarr stores enable cloud-optimized access to archival-format data without data duplication. By leveraging xarray, VirtualiZarr provides a powerful tool for constructing virtual Zarr stores. This talk will situate VirtualiZarr in relation to kerchunk, icechunk, and Zarr V3.
“What's going on? An introduction to diagnosing PostgreSQL systems.”
Mark Wong;
Talk
An introduction to understanding what your PostgreSQL database management system is doing.
“When LLMs Meet GIS: Reliable Open Source Geospatial AI”
Jason Gilman;
Talk
Discover how Element 84 is building open source libraries that reliably translate natural language for geospatial tasks. Learn our design principles for dependable geospatial AI with LLMs along with evaluation strategies.